D.S. Lamb, "The Female External
Genital Organs," _New York Journal of Gynaecology_, August, 1894;
R.L. Dickinson, "Hypertrophies of the Labia Minora and Their
Significance," _American Gynecology_, September, 1902; Kryptadia
(in various languages), vol. viii, pp. 3-11, 11-13, and many
other passages. Several of Schurig's works (especially
_Gynaecologia_, _Muliebria_, and _Parthenologia_) contain full
summaries of the statements of the early writers.
The external or larger lips, like the mons veneris, are specifically human
in their full development, for in the anthropoid apes they are small as is
the mons, and in the lower apes absent altogether; they are, moreover,
larger in the white than in the other human races. Thus in the negro, and
to a less degree in the Japanese (Wernich) and the Javanese (Scherzer)
they are less developed than in women of white race. The greater lips
develop in the foetus later than the lesser lips, which are thus at first
uncovered; this condition thus constitutes an infantile state which
occasionally (in less than 2 per cent. of cases, according to Bergh)
persists in the adult. Their generally accepted name, labia majora, is
comparatively modern.
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